Roundup - What's the Problem?

"... as an adult, we understand even if you ruin an appetite, there's another appetite coming right behind it. There's no danger in running out of appetites. I've got millions of them." --Jerry Seinfeld. The "Heart Attack" episode.


Fact: When food is in short supply, obesity as a public health problem does not exist. As a matter of fact, being obese under those circumstances signifies being wealthy or of higher economic status than the average population. Look at countries where some are living in poverty, and others are more affluent. Which segment of that society has a problem with obesity?

Fact: When food is made available and affordable, in the presence of abundance, the average person will eat more. Much more. Bigger portions. It is surprising to see people who immigrated as adults from less affluent countries continuing to eat the portions and at the times that they were used to, and stay slim. They have already developed the habits and controls and they stay satisfied with the portions and types of food that they used to consume. Their first generation kids, however, who were not raised in such a controlled environment, may become overweight or obese.

Fact: When food is not only made available in abundance 24 hours a day, but is also advertised all day long, people tend to consume even more. And branding does affect their choices.

Fact: Social networks can strongly enhance the spread of obesity.

One conclusion I can draw here is that: External influences tend to have a stronger effect on controlling how much we eat than spontaneous internal influences, in the average person. It takes a conscious effort and proper habit building and modifications to overcome those external influences. That we are victims of an environment and a culture that facilitates (or may even encourage) habits that will make us unhealthy, the only true refuge is our own ability to change habits and behaviors that developed under those circumstances. Although I stress on over-eating as a deadly habit, it is important to notice that serious under-eating as in anorexia nervosa is at least as deadly, if not more.

Remember, weight control is achieved through three elements:

1. Diet (portion acontrol and quality control)

2. Exercise or physical activity

3. Behavioral change towards healthy habits

Everything else (a diet program, a trainer, a pill, a surgical operation) is a tool that helps you control your energy storage (and, consequently, the weight of fat) through one or more of the above mechanisms.

Stay healthy! Happy Holidays!

Childhood and Adolescent Obesity - A Real Concern

Well, this is another blog entry that is not a bariatric surgery issue, but a real public health and epidemiology concern. The New England Journal of Medicine issue of December 6, 2007, has three excellent articles:

1. Childhood Obesity — The Shape of Things to Come by Dr. D.S. Ludwig (Link) from Harvard Medicalo School
2. Childhood Body-Mass Index and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Adulthood by Dr. J.L. Baker and others (Link) from Copenhagen, Denmark
3. Adolescent Overweight and Future Adult Coronary Heart Disease by Dr. K. Bibbins-Domingo and Others (Link) from the University of California, San Francisco

The Journal is making the full text of those articles (not just the abstracts) available for free.

In the perspective article "Childhood Obesity — The Shape of Things to Come", Dr. David Ludwig (Director of the Optimal Weight for Life Program, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School) views the obesity epidemic as consisting of four phases. The first phase (began in the early 1970s) witnessed a progressive increase of the average weight among children from all socioeconomic levels and geographic areas in the United States.

The second phase, which we are now entering, is characterized by the emergence of serious weight-related problems in adolescents, including type 2 diabetes, fatty liver, orthopedic problems, sleep apnea, social isolation, anxiety, and depression.

Phase 3 will signal opening the doors for the medical complications of obesity to lead to life-threatening or limb-threatening disease. There will be an increased risk of coronary heart disease in adulthood, a high risk for limb amputation, kidney failure requiring dialysis, and premature death. The article quotes that the risk of dying by middle age is already two to three times as high among obese adolescent girls as it is among those of normal weight. Dr. Ludwig has predicted that pediatric obesity may shorten life expectancy in the United States by 2 to 5 years by midcentury, which would be equal to that of all cancers combined.

Phase 4 of the epidemic, if allowed to take place, will lead to even higher obesity rates because of transgenerational mechanisms.

Those articles are a highly recommended reading for anyone who feels that childhood obesity is hitting home.

CDC: Adult Obesity Prevalence - No Significant Increase

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has announced the new obesity prevalence statistics in a report titled, "Obesity Among Adults in the United States -- No Change Since 2003-2004". There was no "significant" change in obesity prevalence between 2003-2004 and 2005-2006 for either men or women. I would consider this "encouraging", but far from being exactly "good" news.

Some have declared that the media headlines should, at the very least, be shouting: “Obesity Epidemic Over!” (1). In literal terms, and based only on this piece of information, an obesity epidemic may, indeed, be over. After all, the definition of "epidemic", according to Webster's New World Medical Dictionary is "The occurrence of more cases of a disease than would be expected in a community or region during a given time period." Well, so what? Should we be proud of the current number of 34% being obese, knowing of the adverse health effects of obesity? According to the news release, more than one-third of U.S. adults -– over 72 million people -- were obese in 2005-2006. This includes 33.3 percent of men and 35.3 percent of women. The reality is that the lack of statistically significant increase in prevalence does not mean at all that we are OK. At the very best, we are just maintaining a peak high prevalence of obesity. Actually, the 2007 report of the Trust of America's Health (posted in the Bariatrics Lounge blog), using a different methodology, concluded that adult obesity rates showed an increase in 31 states last year. So, where is the truth. I would say, at the very best, and if we take only the CDC report, we are maintaining a dangerously high prevalence of obesity. And that all is about obesity in adults. Folks, we are not even talking about childhood obesity. Epidemic or not, it is already pretty bad.

(1) Please note: This blog does not endorse the Junkfood Science blog, which is mentioned here purely as a reference to an article that indicated one point of view.

Is it really important to do the follow-up visits after bariatric surgery?

After weight loss surgery (let's say gastric bypass or Lap Band), the majority of patients will initially lose some of their excess weight very well. In fact, they may do so well that they take for granted their weight loss trend, and some become less and less compliant with their follow-ups. Does it make a difference? Should patients do their follow-ups with their bariatric surgery programs, in addition to the usual check-ups with their own family doctors? We always felt that patients benefit tremendously from being committed to their long-term follow-ups. Is there any evidecne that long-term follow-ups make any difference? A study is published in the Nov-Dec 2007 issue of the journal "Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases" titled "Impact of routine and long-term follow-up on weight loss after laparoscopic gastric bypass". It is another addition to a mounting evidence. The authors, (Gould JC, Beverstein G, Reinhardt S, Garren MJ) from the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, looked into the data of patients with 3-4 years of follow-up data after laparoscopic gastric bypass. The patients were divided into 3 groups:

Group 1 patients: had attended every scheduled postoperative appointment
Group 2 patients had attended every appointment for 1 year, then were lost to follow-up
Group 3 patients had been lost to follow-up before 1 year.

Although the excess weight loss (EWL) did not differ at 1 year of follow-up, a significant difference in the EWL was observed at 3-4 years (74% for Group 1; 61% for Group 2; 56% for Group 3). The authors found that the most common explanation for missed follow-up appointments was a lack of insurance coverage. They concluded that on-going, multidisciplinary care is likely a critical component in maintaining the benefit after surgery.


Source Article:
Gould JC, Beverstein G, Reinhardt S, Garren MJ. Impact of routine and long-term follow-up on weight loss after laparoscopic gastric bypass. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2007 Nov-Dec;3(6):627-30. PMID: 17950045 (Abstract)

Other References:

Shen R, Dugay G, Rajaram K, Cabrera I, Siegel N, Ren CJ. Impact of patient follow-up on weight loss after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2004 Apr;14(4):514-9. PMID: 15130229 (Abstract)

Harper J, Madan AK, Ternovits CA, Tichansky DS. What happens to patients who do not follow-up after bariatric surgery? Am Surg. 2007 Feb;73(2):181-4. PMID: 17305299 (Abstract)

"Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases" (SOARD) is the official journal of the American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS) and the Brazilian Society for Bariatric Surgery (SBCBM - Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Bariátrica e Metabólica).

"Obesity surgery" is the official journal of several international societies including, among many others, the International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity (IFSO) , the Obesity Surgery Society of Australia and New Zealand and the French Society for Obesity Surgery (Société Française de Chirurgie de l'Obésité)

Obesity Among Friends, Spouses, Siblings and Neighbors

Obesity has become an epidemic. Right? We hear this all the time. Well, isn't the term "epidemic" used often for diseases that are spread from a person to a person, like infectious diseases? Could the phenomenon of the prevalence of obesity be actually behaving as an infectious process? Could the benefits of obesity control, likewise, spread in an epidemic (good) way? Should the treatment of obesity be considered not only a form of individual therapy, but also, and probably more importantly, a treatment of public health proportions and general community benefits?

A very important article appeared in the July 26, 2007 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine "The Spread of Obesity in a Large Social Network over 32 Years" by Drs. Nicholas A. Christakis and James H. Fowler from Harvard Medical School, Boston and University of California, San Diego, San Diego. The researchers analyzed the nature and extent of the person-to-person spread of obesity as a possible factor contributing to the obesity epidemic. To do so, they evaluated a social network of 12,067 people assessed repeatedly from 1971 to 2003 as part of the Framingham Heart Study.(1) They examined whether weight gain in one person was associated with weight gain in his or her friends, siblings, spouse, and neighbors.

What they found? A person's chances of becoming obese increased by 57% if he or she had a friend who became obese. The type of friendship appeared to be important. Between mutual friends, a person's risk of obesity increased by 171% if the other became obese. In contrast, the influence did not appear to be statistically significant when one person, but not the other, defined the relationship as a friendship. The sex also appeared to be important. When analysis singled out same-sex friendships, the probability of obesity in a person increased by 71% if the friend became obese. For friends of the opposite sex, however, the probablity of obesity did not increase significantly. Among friends of the same sex, a man had a 100% increase in the chance of becoming obese if his male friend became obese, whereas the female-to-female spread of obesity was not as significant.

How about siblings? If one sibling became obese, the other's chance of becoming obese increased by 40%. As for married couples, if one spouse became obese, the likelihood that the other spouse would become obese increased by 37%. By the way, those effects were not seen among neighbors.

If social networks are so influential in the spread of obesity, then this may actually explain another well-known observation. Individuals in weight loss programs or after weight loss (bariatric) surgery, who attend regular support group activities, that modify the person's social network, are more successful than those that do not.

This is a great study that will certainly be quoted over and over in the future.

(1) The Framingham Heart Study is an ambitious project that was initiated in 1948, when 5209 people were enrolled in the original cohort. The Framingham Offspring Study began in 1971, when most of the children of members of the original cohort and their spouses were enrolled in the offspring cohort. In 2002, the third-generation cohort, consisting of 4095 children of the offspring cohort, was initiated. All participants undergo physical examinations (including measurements of height and weight) and complete written questionnaires at regular intervals.


Source:

Christakis NA, Fowler JH. The spread of obesity in a large social network over 32 years. N Engl J Med. 2007 Jul 26;357(4):370-9. [PMID: 17652652]

Excess Fat, Red Meat, Alcohol, and Cancer

"Food, Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer: a global perspective", a report produced by the World Cancer Research Fund together with the American Institute for Cancer Research , has been the most authoritative source on food, nutrition, and cancer prevention for 10 years. In October 2007, the updated Report was released in Washington, DC. The Report is the result of a five-year process that included examination of the world's literature by a panel of the world's leading scientists, supported by observers from United Nations and other international organisations

The Report found out that carrying excess body fat increases the risk for cancer of the colon, kidney, esophagus, pancreas, and endometrium, as well as breast cancer in post-menopausal women. Their first recommendation is: Be as lean as possible within the normal range of body weight.

The Report also indicated that there is convincing evidence linking consumption of red meats like beef, pork and lamb to colorectal cancer. The recommendation is: Limit intake of red meat and avoid processed meat. People who eat red meat to consume less than 500 g (18 oz) a week, very little if any to be processed. ‘Red meat’ refers to beef, pork, lamb, and goat from domesticated animals including that contained in processed foods. "Processed meat" refers to meat preserved by smoking, curing or salting, oraddition of chemical preservatives, including that contained in processed foods.

Another recommendation: Limit alcoholic drinks. The evidence on cancer justified a recommendation not to drink alcoholic drinks. The report specified that, based solely on the evidence on cancer, even small amounts of alcoholic drinks should be avoided. But, because other evidence shows that modest amounts of alcoholic drinks are likely to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease, the Report recommended limiting rather than avoiding, alcohol consumption.

The strongest evidence on methods of food preservation, processing, and preparation showed that salt and salt-preserved foods are probably a cause of stomach cancer.

The World Cancer Research Fund global network consists of the following charitable organisations: The American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR); World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF UK); Wereld Kanker Onderzoek Fonds (WCRF NL); World Cancer Research Fund Hong Kong (WCRF HK);Fonds Mondial de Recherche contre le Cancer (FMRC FR) and the umbrella association, World Cancer Research Fund International (WCRF International)
The World Cancer Research Fund global network funds research on the relationship of nutrition, physical activity and weight management to cancer risk, interprets the accumulated scientific literature in the field, and educates people about choices they can make to reduce their chances of developing cancer.

Source:
An abbreviated version of the full Report http://www.dietandcancerreport.org/downloads/summary/english.pdf

For a summary of the recommendations:
http://www.wcrf.org/home/recommendations.lasso

Hungry, Satisfied, or Full?

For the sake of simplicity and to make points clearer, I will use definitions that may be different from the standard broad dictionary definitions:

Hunger: The unpleasant feeling that accompanies a real physical need for nourishment or food.
Fullness: The feeling that maximum capacity to eat has been reached.
Satiety: A state of satisfaction that can be reached when not hungry, but before feeling full.

When we are hungry, we know it. Of course we need to eat. The trick is either not let yourself get really very hungry, so that you can avoid over-eating, or simply develop the habit of recognizing a point of satiety, or satisfaction, before actually feeling full. Remind you, I am using the definitions outlined above. So, how to recognize that point of satisfaction? Well, that point can be appreciated by allowing your brain to recognize that you are not hungry anymore. The signal will come up, but you have to give it time to reach up there. What that means? Don't eat too fast. Do not enter in your mouth one large bite at a time. Once in your mouth, take your time chewing your food. Enjoy the taste of the food. Chew 20 times before actually swallowing. After swallowing the well-chewed bite, wait a little bit before you get the next bite into your mouth.

If you are using portion control (for example, after weight loss surgery, or as a part of dieting), put on your plate only the portion that you are supposed to eat. If there is more on your plate, do not clear your plate. Eat slowly as described above, till you have almost completed your portion, then STOP. Even if you are not satisfied, stop. Distract yourself. Do something. Then ask yourself in 10 minutes or so: "Am I still hungry? Or do I want to eat just because? If you are not truly hungry, and if you reached the portion size that you have decided, you have probably reached the point of satisfaction and hopefully the above techniques gave your brain enough time to appreciate that signal. Remember, feeling full (using the definition that I wrote above) is not a good signal to stop eating. It is too late. And if you had Lap Band, gastric bypass, or a sleeve gastrectomy, you are probably setting yourself up for a stretch of the pouch. In case of an adjustable gastric band in particular (like the Lap Band), stretching the pouch may be a factor in slippage (prolapse). So, be careful, and stay healthy!